The LdP Grammatical Dictionary

Classes of words and particles (wordas e partiklas)

In the LdP language, for more precise description, a special system of grammar terms is introduced. This labelling is used in the present grammatical dictionary.

In the first place, full-meaning words (wordas) and particles (partiklas) are marked out. Full-meaning words convey principal meanings and may be used on their own. Particles serve for uniting words into complete expressions.

Then, all LdP units are classified according to their role within a sentence (so the classification is performed primarily from the syntax point of view) and also, for full-meaning words, according to the accompanying grammatical particles. Thus, among full- meaning words one can distinguish the following basic groups: kwo- wordas, kwel-wordas, zwo-wordas, komo-wordas. Note that the names of the classes are not arbitrary but composed from meaningful words of the language. Let us look into the meaning of the four mentioned terms.

The term "kwo-worda" is derived from the two meaningful words: "kwo", which means "what?", and "worda", which means "word". As follows from the name, kwo-worda is a full-meaning word that you use when you ask "What?". In other words, it is a word that within a sentence has either the role of subject (hu-yuan), object (kwo-yuan) or noun predicate (sta-yuan) ("yuan" means "sentence member"). This class practically fully corresponds to the class of noun of classic grammars. The words of the kwo-worda class may take plural suffix and form words of other classes through adding special affixes.

"Kwel" means "which" in LdP. Correspondingly, kwel-worda is a word that you use when you ask "Which?", i.e., a word that within a sentence has the role of either attribute (kwel-yuan) or adjective predicate. Words of this class may be accompanied by comparative particles (such as "more" or "most"). Basically this class

corresponds to the class of adjective of classic grammars.

"Zwo" means "do" in LdP. So zwo-worda is a word expressing action. The basic syntax role of such words is predicate (zwo-yuan). Words of this class may be accompanied by grammatical particles of time. In general this class coresponds to the class of verbs.

"Komo" means "how", thus komo-worda is a word that you use when you ask "How?", i.e. a word which characterises action. Within a sentence it has the role of adverbial modifier (komo-yuan) and may be accompanied by comparative particles. In general this class coresponds to the class of adverb.

Within the class of kwo-worda, in accordance with the conveyed meaning, one can mark out a small subclass taim-kwo- worda, i.e., words referring to time (for instance, minute, hour, day, year, etc.). Similarly among komo-wordas one can mark out loko- komo-worda (adverbs of place), taim-komo-worda (adverbs of time) and modus-komo-worda (adverbs of manner).

There is also a class of kwanto-worda (from "kwanto" - how much?). It comprises words designating exact number (numerals). Within a sentence, such words may be accompanied by words of kwo-worda class, but not necessarily.

Among full-meaning words one can also distinguish a small class of words named sta-worda. The word "sta" refers to being in a particular state, thus sta-worda is a word designating state. We refer to this class words which are usually called modal verbs in classic grammars (e.g., "can", "must", "may") as well as the verb "be". The feature of this class' words is that they do not convey any completely independent meaning by themselves; in particular, they do not name an action, but they indicate the subject's attitude towards this or that, e.g., towards an action. From the syntax point of view these words are a part of the predicate. It should be noted that the predicate containing them is called "sta-yuan", and it does not necessarily need a subject. In the latter case a phrase has an impersonal tint (like in "one must" or "one can").

There are two word classes that have an intermediate position between full-meaning words and particles. These are the classes inplas-worda and syao-worda.

"Inplas" means "in place of', so inplas-worda is a word that may be used in a sentence in place of some other full-meaning word. Thus, one can distinguish inplas-kwo-worda (words used in place of kwo-wordas, e.g., personal pronouns), inplas-kwel-worda (e.g., possessive pronouns), inplas-komo-worda (e.g., the word "somewhere"), and inplas-kwanto-worda (e.g., the words "much", "several").

The units of the syao-worda class basically correspond to word-formation affixes of classic grammars ("syao" means "small"). They are the units which have their own meaning but cannot be used in a sentence on their own. As a rule, they are written together as one word or with a hyphen joining them to the full-meaning word they relate to.

Among particles, one distinguishes three main classes: konekti-partiklas, unisi-partiklas, and gramatika-partiklas. The first class (konekti-partikla, from "konekti" - "connect") comprises particles which connect separate words to each other (prepositions of classic grammars). The second class (unisi-partikla, from "unisi" - "unite") comprises particles which unite words and clauses (conjunctions of classic grammars). The particles which convey grammatical meanings compose the gramatika-partikla class (the LdP "gramatika" means "grammar").

One should also note the exklami-partikla class ("exklami" is "exclaim"). The units of this class can be generally referred to the group of interjections of classic grammars.

Abbreviations used in the dictionary

exklami exklami-partikla (interjection)

exklami+ used after exklami-partikla

frasa+ used at the end of phrase

+frasa used at the beginning of phrase

gramatika gramatika-partikla (grammatical particle)

gramatika-komo gramatika-partikla (grammatical particle) or

komo-worda (adverb) inplas-komo inplas-komo-worda

inplas-kwanto inplas-kwanto-worda inplas-kwel inplas-kwel-worda inplas-kwo inplas-kwo-worda komo komo-worda (adverb)

+komo used before an adverb

komo+ used after an adverb

komo-gramatika

or gramatika-partikla

komo-worda (adverb) (grammatical particle) konekti konekti-partikla (preposition)

konekti-komo konekti-partikla (preposition) or komo-worda (adverb)

konekti-syao konekti-partikla (preposition) or syao-worda (affix)

kwanto kwanto-worda (numeral)

+kwanto used before a numeral

kwel kwel-worda (adjective, modifyer)

+kwel used before an adjective

kwel+ used after an adjective

kwesti kwesti-worda (question word)

kwo kwo-worda (noun)

kwo+ used after a noun

+kwo used before a noun

loko-komo loko-komo-worda (adverb of place)

modus-komo modus-komo-worda (adverb of manner)

sta sta-worda (words describing state, e.g., modal verbs)

syao syao-worda (affix)

syao-gramatika syao-worda (affix) or gramatika-partikla

(grammatical particle) syao-komo syao-worda (affix) or komo-worda (adverb) taim-komo taim-komo-worda (adverb of time) +taim-komo used before an adverb of time +taim-kwo used before a noun of time unisi unisi-partikla (conjunction)

zwo zwo-worda (verb)

+zwo used before a verb

zwo+ used after a verb a (konekti)(+kwo) 1) to {aim, direction): go a shop - go to the shop, lai a dom - come home, a oli taraf - in all directions; 2) to (<dative case): a yu - to you, a may amiga - to my friend, shwo a swa - say to oneself; me rakonti a yu om to -1 tell you about that.

a desna (loko-komo) (to the) right: Kan a desna! - Look right! Hir treba turni a desna. - Here one should turn right.

a lefta (loko-komo) (to the) left: Kan a lefta! - Look left! Hir treba turni a lefta. - Here one should turn left.

adar (loko-komo) there (whereto?): Bu go adar. - Don't go there.

afte (konekti) 1) after: (+kwo) afte yu - after you, afte to - after that; un afte otre - one after another; (+zwo) afte vidi - having seen; 2) in: (+taim-kwo) afte un ora - in one hour.

aften (taim-komo) afterwards, later on: Nu nadi ke aften ve ye meno gwer in munda. - We hope that afterwards (in future) there will be fewer wars in the world. Nu he diskusi se olo aften. - We have discussed this all later on.

ahir (loko-komo) here (whereto?): Lai ahir. - Come here.

aika (modus-komo) quite, rather: aika hao - quite well.

al (konekti) when doing smth., at, under {simultaneity, circumstances): (+kwo) al bakdao - on the way back, al klosi-ney dwar - behind closed doors, with doors closed, al sey halat - under these conditions/circumstances, al un-ney kansa - at first sight; (+zwo) al shwo om to - when speaking about it, al flai sobre may landa - flying over my land; (+komo) al nau - at the moment.

along (konekti) along: along gata - along the street.

ambi (inplas-kwo, kwel') both: Nu ambi pri sey kitaba. - We both like this book. Ambi sista pri plei kun doga. - Both sisters like to play with the dog.

apropoo (konekti-komo) apropos, by the way: Apropoo, me haishi bu he lekti sey kitaba. - By the way, I have not yet read this book. Apropoo sey kitaba, it es ya muy interes-ney. - Apropos of this book, it is really interesting.

aus (konekti-komo)(+kwo) 1) out (of) {outward movement): pren kalam aus posh - take a pencil out of the pocket. Lai aus! - Come out! 2) (made) of (imaterial), out of: botela aus glas - bottle made of glass, glass bottle. Me he zwo palas aus shamba. -1 made a palace out of the room.

ausen (konekti-komo)(+kwo) outside of, on the outside, beyond the limits of: ausen dom - outside the house. Me jivi ausen urba. - I live out of town. Sedey ye frosta ausen. - It freezes outdoors. Sey dwar bu ofni fon ausen, sol fon inen. - This door does not open from outside, only from within.

avan (komo) forward, ahead (in space or time)-. Go sempre avan, bu turni. - Go always straight on, don't turn. Treba mah kloka un ora avan. - One should set the clock one hour ahead.

avanen (konekti-komo)(+kwo) ahead (of): avanen kolona - ahead of the column. Lu es yo dalem avanen. - He is already far ahead. May kloka es pet minuta avanen. - My watch is 5 minutes fast.

ba (gramatika)(imperative)(zwo+) Manya yu hev skola. Tayari ba yur leson! - Tomorrow you have classes. Prepare your lesson! Nu go ba! - Let us go! Та lai ba! - Let him come!

bak (кото) 1) back (in space or time), backwards: Go avan, bu go bak. - Go ahead, don't go back. Mata wud yao ke suy kindas lai bak a ela. - The mother would like her children to come back to her. Gai pon bak olo ke yu pren. - You should put back everything that you take. Treba mah kloka un ora bak. - One should set the clock one hour back; 2) ago: dwa yar bak - two years ago. Gro-longtaim bak ye un rego. - Once upon a time (long ago) there lived a king.

baken (konekti-komo)(+kwo) behind (at what place?): Me bu vidi surya nau: it es baken badal. - Now I don't see the sun: it is behind the cloud. Wen me lai a shulin, me bu dumi om problema. Me lyu li oli baken in urba. - When coming to the forest, I do not think about problems. I leave them all behind in the town. May kloka es pet minuta baken. - My watch is 5 minutes slow.

basta (кото) enough: nu hev basta pan - we have enough bread; (exklami) that will do! enough!: Basta! Me bu yao audi nixa om to. - Enough of that! I do not want to hear anything about it.

bat (unisi) but: Me hev kitaba bat me bu yao lekti. - I have the book but I don't want to read.

bay (konekti) 1) by, with, by means of (<a means or tool): (+kwo) skribi bay kalam - write with a pencil, lai bay avion - come by airplane; bay forsa - by force; bay to ke yu zwo - by what you do; (+zwo) ofensi bay bu shwo danke - to offend by not thanking; 2) by {doer or author): (+kwo) se es zwo-ney bay me - this is done by me; kitaba bay Gogol - book by Gogol.

bi (zwo) to be: Gai bi honeste. - One should be honest. Bi hao! - You are welcome! (a reply to thanking); bless you! (after smb's sneezing); good luck! (when parting), (see also "es", "bin")

bifoo (konekti) before (in space or time): (+kwo) En-stan ba bifoo me.

Stand up before me! Gai sempre tayari leson bifoo skola. - One should always prepare one's lesson before the classes. (+zwo) Bifoo en-somni - Before falling asleep. Woshi handas bifoo chifan! - Wash your hands before eating!

bifooen (taim-komo) formerly, previously, before: Laojen oftem shwo ke bifooen olo bin pyu hao kem nau. - Old people often say that formerly everything was better than now. Bifooen nu jivi in otre urba.

Previously we lived in another town.

bikam (zwo) become: Ob yu yao bikam leker? - Do you want to become a physician? Lu bikam-te fama-ney kway. - He quickly became famous. Sun ela bikam mata. - She will become a mother soon.

bin (zwo) was, were (past tense from "bi"): Me bin dar pluri ves. - I have been there several times.

bli (konekti-komo)(+kwo) near, nearby, beside, close by: bli may dom

near my house; bli klok char - around 4 o'clock (see also "sirke"). Ela zai sidi-te bli. - She was sitting beside.

bu (syao-gramatika) {negation) Me bu yao go adar. - I don't want to go there. Так, bu kontra-nem. - So, not otherwise. Es buevitibile. - This is inevitable.

char (kwanto) four (4)

dabe (unisi) in order to, in order that, so that: Me shwo a yu dabe yu mog samaji me. -1 speak to you in order that you can understand me.

dan (taim-komo) 1) then: Dan me bin haishi yunge. — I was still young then. Depos dan - since then; 2) then: si...dan... - if...then...

(see also "poy").

dank a (konekti)(+kwo) thanks to, owing to: dank a lu - thanks to him; dank a to ke yu he zwo - thanks to what you have done.

danke (exklami) thank you, thanks: Danke! - Es nixa. Bi hao! — Thank you! - Don't mention it. You are welcome! Danke gro! — Thank you very much!

dar (loko-komo) there (at what place?): May sista es dar. - My sister is there. Dar ye may sista. - There is my sister there. Dar es garme. - It's hot there.

darfi (sta)(+zwo) to have permission, be allowed, (one) may: Та darfi gun kom leker. — He is allowed to work as a doctor. Me darfi zin ku?

May I come in? Hir bu darfi fumi. — Smoking is not allowed here.

de (konekti)(+kwo) 1) of (genitive): kitaba de sey boy - the book of this boy, jamilitaa de munda - beauty of the world, lingwa de planeta

the language of the planet; (+zwo) raita de elekti e gei elekti - the right to elect and be elected; 2) of (partialness — optional): un pes (de) sukra - a piece of sugar, tasa (de) chay - a cup of tea.

den (gramatika)(+kwo)(accusative particle used in case of indirect word order): Den to me he yo zwo. - This I have done already. Ob me mog pren sey yabla? - Kwo yu yao pren? - Den sey yabla me yao pren. — May I take this apple? - What do you want to take? - This apple I want to take.

depos (konekti) since, starting from: ( taim-kwo) depos toy dey - since that day. Me es hir depos klok shi. — I have been here since ten

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o'clock. (+taim-komoj depos dan - since then; depos nau — from now on, henceforth; depos longtaim - long since.

desnen (konekti-komo)(+kwo) at the right (of): May dom es desnen. - My house is at the right. Desnen dom ye garden. - There is a garden to the right of the house.

do (konekti) {a specific characteristic, distinctive feature, or destination of object): (+kwo) gela do grin okos - green-eyed girl, jen do lignagamba - a man with a wooden leg, okula do surya - sun spectacles; (+zwo) mashina do skribi - typewriter.

duran (konekti)(+kwo) during: duran laste dwa yar - in the course of the last two years, duran leksia - during the lecture, duran to - meanwhile; duran ke - while.

dwa (kwanto) two (2)

e (unisi) and: Me pri rasmi e gani. - I like to draw and sing. Me pri rasmi e lu pri gani. -1 like to draw, and he likes to sing. See also "i"

ek (syao)(+zwo) "one time or suddenly" {single or momentary action): tuki - ek-tuki — to knock - to give a knock; salti - ek-salti — to jump - to jump up.

ela (inplas-kwo) she, her: Ela es jamile. - She is handsome. Lu lubi ela. - He loves her. Lu doni flor a ela. - He gives flowers to her.

elay (inplas-kwel) her: Lu pri elay smaila. - He likes her smile.

en (syao)(+zwo) "begin" {beginning of action): somni - en-somni — to sleep - to fall asleep, lubi - en-lubi — to love - to fall in love, jan - en-jan — to know - to come to know, find out.

eni (inplas-kwel) any: Eni kinda mog zwo to. - Any child can do this. In eni kasu - in any case.

enikomo (inplas-komo) in any way, anyhow: Yu mog zwo to kom yu yao. Yu mog zwo to enikomo. - You may do it as you like. You may do it in any way. Yu mus zwo to enikomo. - You must do it anyhow.

enilok (inplas-komo) anywhere, at any place: Me bu remembi a wo me he pon may kalam. It mog bi enilok. -1 don't remember where I've put my pencil. It may be anywhere. Yu mog pon yur bao a enilok. - You may put your bag wherever you like.

enisa (inplas-kwo) anything: Yu mog kuki enisa ke yu yao. - You can cook whatever you like.

enitaim (inplas-komo) anytime: Yu mog lai enitaim. Me sempre joi al vidi yu. - You may come anytime. I am always glad to see you.

enives (taim-komo) ever (at any time): Ob yu enives lekti sey kitaba? - Have you ever read this book?

eniwan (inplas-kwo) anyone: Kada jen yao bi felise. Kwesti ba eniwan. - Every person wants to be happy. Ask anyone.

es (zwo) is, are, am (the present tense of "bi"): Ela es jamile. - She is handsome. (Se) es kitaba. - This is a book. To es yo zwo-ney. - This is already done.

ewalaa (unisi) (coordinating conjunction introducing new, often little expected circumstances): Та en-chi ewalaa ye tro mucho pepa. — As he began to eat, he felt that there is too much pepper added. Me zin shop ewalaa may amiga zai kupi pan. — When I entered the shop, I saw that my friend was buying bread. Pa un dey saja zai prei, ewalaa orla pasi, mah-lwo maus inu saja-ney handas. Saja ofni okos, ewalaa ye maus in handas. — One day when the sage was praying, an eagle happened to pass by and the eagle dropped a mouse in the hands of the sage. The sage opened his eyes, and there was a mouse in his hands.

exepte (konekti) except: oli exepte me - everyone except me.

fa (syao-gramatika) "to get, to become": (+kwel) tume - fa-tume — dark - grow/get dark, darken; rude - fa-rude — red - redden; gran - fa-gran —big - get bigger, enlarge. (+kwo) Fa-nocha. - The night is coming. (+zwo) astoni - fa-astoni — to astonish - to be (become) astonished.

fai (zwo) "to do, to perform action connected with" (only in combination with nouns): (+kwo) fai interes om koysa - to take an interest in smth, fai kasam - to make (take) a vow, fai sukses - to succeed.

fo (konekti) 1) for (the object, aim, or purpose): ( kwo) Es fo yu. - This is for you. (+zwo) Me ve lai fo vidi ela. - I shall come to see her. Fo ke - in order to (see also "ckibe"); 2) for (duration or a specific time)-. Ob me mog pren yur kitaba fo kelke taim? - May I take your book for some time? Nu he aranji sey mita fo klok dwa. - We have arranged this meeting for two o'clock.

fon (konekti)(+ kwo) from: Me zai go fon teatra - I am going from the theatre. Me he resivi se fon lu. - I have received this from him. Fon кара til peda - from head to foot. Fon sabah til aksham — from morning till evening.

for (syao-komo) further, on (continuing an action): Treba gun for! - One should work on! Me bu yao resti hir, me sal go for. - I don't want to stay here, I am going to go on. E tak for - and so on.

fuy (exklami, syao) fie (disgust, repugnance): fuy-jen - a nasty person; fuy-yunutka - the ugly duckling.

ga (komo) quite, entirely, completely: Yu es ga gande! — You are completely dirty! Ga hao — quite good.

gai (sta)(+zwo) (one) should, (one) ought, supposed to: Gai bi honeste. - One should be honest. Yu bu gai lanfai. - You should not be lazy. Sempre gai zwo olo tak kom gai. - One should always do everything as needed.

gei (gramatika)(+ zwo)(passive) Sey kitaba gei lekti. - This book is being read.

gin (syao)(+kwo) "feminine": gin-studenta - female student, gin-doga - bitch.

gro (syao-komo) "very much, strongly" (augmentative/intensifying particle)'. Lu en-mediti gro. - He became lost in thoughts. Me lubi yu gro. - I love you deeply. (+kwo) kitaba - gro-kitaba — a book - a big volume, tome, folio; (+kwel) interes-ney - gro-interes-ney — interesting - gripping, exciting; (+komo) hao - gro-hao — well - great, excellent; (+zwo) pri - gro-pri — to like - to adore, to like greatly.

gwo (gramatika)(+zwo) "some time ago, earlier in life" (remote past tense marker)-. Me gwo dansi hao wen me bin syao gela. - I danced well when I was a little girl. Lu gwo zun sporta. - He used to go in for sports.

haishi (taim-komo) still, as yet, so far: Me haishi bu he zwo to. - I have not done this yet. Та haishi safari. - He/she still travels. Me es haishi ausen urba. -1 am still out of town.

hampi (komo) almost: Me jan hampi olo om to. - I know almost everything about it. Li es hir, hampi oli. - They are here, almost everyone. "Hao, pren ya!" - me shwo e hampi lansi may kief a ela. — "OK, take it!" -1 said and almost hurled my key to her.

hao (syao-komo, kwel) good, well: Hao. - Good, OK. Es hao. - That's good. Hao dey! - Good day! Hao safara! - Have a good trip! Hao fortuna! - Good luck! Hao-chi-ke - tasty (good to eat), hao-yusi-ke - handy (easy to use). Bi hao! - see "bi".

hay (gramatika) let, may (wish; leave) Hay forsa bi kun yu! — May the force be with you! Hay oni shwo to ke oni yao. — Let them say what they like, -compare "ba"

he (gramatika)(+ zwo)(past tense marker) Me he yo lekti sey kitaba. - I have already read this book. Yu bu he audi ku? - Haven't you heard? (see also "te ")

hev (sta) have: Me hev dwa kitaba. -1 have two books.

hi (gramatika) "exactly, it's...that" (emphasizes the previous word)(kwo+) Den se hi me yao shwo. - This exactly I want to say. Me hi zwo-te to. - It's me who did it. (kwel+) Sey rasma bu es jamile. - Es jamile hi! — This drawing is not beautiful. - Yes it is! Es toy hi jen. - It's that very person. (zwo+) Den se me he rasmi hi, bu printi. - I have drawn it, not printed. (komo+) Lu lopi kway hi. - He does run quickly. (exklami+) Non hi! - No, no way!

hir (loko-komo) here: Lu es hir. - He is here. Hir lu yok. - He is not here. Hir es hao. - It's good here. Figaro hir, Figaro dar. - Figaro's here, Figaro's there.

hu (kwesti) who: Hu es? - Who is this? Hu zwo-te to? - Who did it?

i (iunisi) i...i... - both...and...: i lu i ela - both he and she; i sey-las i toy-las - these as well as those; (homo) too, also (relates to the following word) I me koni lu. — I too know him.Me jan i ela. — I know also her.

idyen (homo) a little, a bit: Rakonti a me idyen om ela. - Tell me a bit about her. Dai a me idyen akwa, plis. - Give me a little water, please.

in (konekti) (+kwo) 1) in, at (refers to location): Me jivi in Rusia. - I live in Russia. In sey shulin funga yok. - There are no mushrooms in this forest. 2) in, on (refers to time): in petdi - on Friday; in same taim - at the same time (=samtaim-nem); in lai-she yar - in the next year. 3) in (other meanings): Lu es in nove palto. - He wears a new overcoat. May patra kredi in me. - My father believes in me. Kreda in boh - belief in god. In tal kasu - in such case.

inen (konekti-komo)(+kwo) inside, within: Me bu jan kwo es inen sey boxa-ki. - I don't know what is within this little box. Inen dom es warme. - It's warm inside the house. Me es inen, zin ba! -1 am inside, come in!

inplas (konekti) instead (of), in place (of): ( kwo) Dai a me sey kalam inplas toy-la. - Give me this pencil instead of that one. Go dar inplas me. - Go there instead of me! (+zwo) Gai zwo inplas shwo. - One should act, not speak. Lu plei inplas gun. - He plays instead of working.

inter (konekti) between: Nu es inter skay e arda. - We are between the sky and the earth. Mutuale samajo inter jenmin - mutual understanding between the peoples.

inu (loko-komo) into, inward: Ela lopi-te inu shamba. - She ran into the room. Kan inu! - Look inside! Nulwan mog transformi fer inu golda. - Nobody can change iron into gold.

it (inplas-kwo) it (inanimate): Es may tabla. - This is my table. Me pri it. -1 like it. Me pon kitaba on it. -1 put a book on it.

jan (zwo) know: Me jan to. - I know that, (see also "koni") janmog (zwo) (+zwo) know how to, can: Me janmog gani, yu janmog rasmi, bat nu ambi bu janmog swimi. - I can sing, yu can draw, but we both cannot swim.

kada (inplas-kwel) every: Kada kinda pri bonbon. - Every child likes candies.

kadalok (inplas-komo) everywhere: Lu lekti oltaim. Luy kitabas es kadalok. - He reads all the time. His books are everywhere.

kadawan (inplas-kwo) everyone: Me inviti yu oli. Kadawan mog lai.

I invite all of you. Everyone may come.

kasu (kwo) case: in sey kasu - in this case, in tal kasu - in such case, in eni kasu - in any case, in maiste kasu - in most cases.

ke (gramatika) that (;introduces subordinate clause): Me jan ke yu lubi me. - I know that you love me. Me dai a yu may kitaba fo ke yu mog lekti it. - I give to you my book so that you can read it. Es kitaba ke me he lekti. - It's the book that I have read. Me pri to ke me he lekti. -1 like what I have read.

kel (gramatika) which, who, that (;introduces subordinate clause, replaces subject): Es gela kel janmog gani muy hao. - This is a girl that can sing very well.

kelke (inplas-kwanto) some {amount): kelke kitaba - some books, kelke taim - some time, fo kelke taim - for some time.

kem (gramatika) than: Sey gaseta es pyu interes-ney kem toy-la. - This newspaper is more interesting than that one. Toy gaseta es meno interes-ney kem sey-la. - That newspaper is less interesting than this one. Yu lopi pyu kway kem lu. - You run quicker than him. Me pri sey gaseta pyu kem toy-la. -1 like this newspaper more than that one.

ki (syao) "little, a little" {diminutive particle): (kwo ) dom - dom-ki

house - a little house, Jon - Jon-ki - John - Johnny; (zwo+) somni

somni-ki — to sleep - to take a nap.

kom (gramatika) 1) as {in comparisons, references): Lu janmog gani sam hao kom ela. - He can sing as good as her. Gran kom elefanta. - Big as an elefant. Kom me yo shwo-te - as I've already said. Ga kom yu - just like you; kom regula - as a rule; 2) as, in the capacity of: Ela

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gun kom leker. - She works as a doctor. Shwo kom skusa - say for an excuse.

komo (kwesti) how: Komo yu sta? - How are you? Komo yu nami? - What is your name? How, how much: Komo gao es toy baum? - How high is that tree?

koni (zwo) be acquainted, know: Me bu koni toy jen. - I don't know that person.

kontra (konekti-komo) (+kwo) 1) against, contrary to: kontra may vola - against my will; 2) opposite, in front of (in space): Dom es kontra kirka. — The house is opposite the church. 3) against (contact from an opposite direction) apogi kontra mur — lean against the wall; (syao) kontratoxin - antidote.

kontra-nem (komo) the other way round, on (to) the contrary: Так, bu kontra-nem. - So, not otherwise.

kontra-ney (kwel) opposite: pa kontra-ney sahil de riva - on the opposite side of the river; in kontra-ney kasu - in the opposite case.

koy (inplas-kwel) some: Dar ye koy man. Me bu koni ta. - There is some man there. I don't know him.

koygrad (inplas-komo) to some degree, to a certain extent: Me he resolvi sey taska. Koygrad. - I have solved this task. To some degree. Yu es prave. Bat sol koygrad. - You are right. But only to a certain extent.

koykomo (inplas-komo) somehow, in some way or other: Me mus zwo to koykomo. - Somehow I must do it.

koylok (inplas-komo) somewhere: Yu nidi na kalam es koylok dar. - The pencil you need is somewhere there. Pon ya yur bao a koylok. - Do put your bag somewhere.

koysa (inplas-kwo) something: Me bu jan kwo es inen. Bat me nadi ke dar ye koysa kel es muy jamile. - I don't know what is inside. But I hope that there is something very beautiful.

koytaim (inplas-komo) somewhen, sometime, some time: Lai ba koytaim manya. - Come tomorrow some time. Ela gwo dansi hao

koytaim. - She used to dance well formerly. Koytaim me ve hev un gran dom. - Some day I'll have a big house.

koyves (inplas-komo) sometimes: May oma jivi ausen urba. Me visiti ela koyves. - My grandmother lives out of town. I visit her sometimes.

koywan (inplas-kwo) somebody: Me audi koy vos. Dar ye koywan, baken dwar. -1 hear some voice. There is somebody behind the door.

krome (konekti-komo) besides, in addition to: Me es gro-fatigi-ney. Krome to, taim yok. - I'm very tired. Besides there is no more time. (+kwo) In sey kitaba ye piktura krome texta. - In this book there are also pictures in addition to the text. Krome to - besides that, moreover. (+zwo) Krome lekti, yu mog yoshi kan piktura. - Besides reading you can also look at the pictures.

ku (gramatika)(interrogative particle) (frasa+) Me darfi zin ku? - May I come in? Yu pri sey kitaba ku? - Do you like this book? Yu lai ku? - Are you coming? (see also "ob")

kun (konekti) (+kwo) with, along with: Me yao go adar kun yu. - I want to go there with you. Me pri pi chay kun milka. - I like to drink tea with milk. Gina kun bavul - woman with a suitcase, (compare "do")

kwanto (kwesti) how much, how many: Kwanto yar yu hev? - How old are you? Kwanto it kosti? - How much does it cost? Me bu ve pagi tanto kwanto lu yao. -1 will not pay as much as he wants.

kwasi (konekti-komo) quasi, as if, as it were, as though: Lu shwo kwasi grumbli. - He speaks as if grumbling.

kwel (kwesti) which: Kwel es lu? — What is he like? Kwel de li? — Which (one) from them?

kwo (kwesti) what: Kwo yu maini? - What do you mean?

la (gramatika) (kwel +) (substantiation, substitute word, singular) Me hev dwa rosa. Sey-la es rude e toy-la es blan. - I have two roses. This one is red and that one is white. Bat me pri hwan-la zuy. - But I like the yellow one most.

las (gramatika) (kwel+) (substantiation, substitute word, plural) Me hev mucho rosa. Me pri blan-las zuy. - I have many roses. I like the white ones most.

leften (konekti-komo)(+kwo) at the left (of): Leften ye garden. - There is a garden at the left. Garden es leften dom. - The garden is to the left of the house.

ley (inplas-kwel) their: Se es ley kinda, bu may. - This is their child, not mine.

li (inplas-kwo) they, them: Li gani hao. - They sing well. Me audi li. - I listen to them. Me shwo danke a li. -1 thank them.

lo (gramatika) (the meaning of general notion) (+kwel) Es lo zuy muhim. - It's the most important thing. Lo tal mus bu repeti. - Such a thing must not repeat. (+loko-komo) lo sirkum - milieu, surroundings, environment. (+taim-komo) lo longtaim-bak - days of yore.

lu (inplas-kwo) he, him: Lu shwo hao. - He speaks well. Me kredi a lu. -1 believe him. Me shwo danke a lu. - I thank him.

luy (inplas-kwel) his: Es luy kitaba, bu yur. - It's his book, not yours.

magari (gramatika) I wish, if only: Magari ta lai! — If only he would come!

mah (syao-gramatika) "make" (causative particle): (+kwel) gran - mah-gran — big - to make bigger, increase; hao - mah-hao — good - to make better, improve; blan - mah-blan — white - to whiten (+zwo) jal - mah-jal — to burn, be burning - to burn (smth); chi - mah-chi — to eat - to feed, lwo - mah-lwo — to fall - to drop (smth); ( kwo) mah kaval lopi - make the horse run. Me mah swa zwo to. - I make myself do it. Se ve mah yu triste. - This will make you sad.

malgree (konekti) in spite of: (+kwo) Malgree bade meteo nu go prom eni. - In spite of the bad weather we go for a walk, malgree olo - despite all; (+zwo) Malgree lekti mucho me bu samaji sey texta. - I don't understand this text in spite of long reading.

man 1) (kwo) man; 2) (syao) "masculine": man-yan ram, man-leker male doctor.

manya (taim-komo) tomorrow: Manya me safari. - Tomorrow I'm going for a journey.

may (inplas-kwel) my: Es may kalam, bu yur. - It's my pencil, not yours.

me (inplas-kwo) I, me: Me shwo a yu. - I speak to you. Audi ba me! - Listen to me! Jawabi koysa a me! - Answer me something!

meno (gramatika) less, fewer: May dom-numer es meno kem shi. - My house number is less than ten. (+kwel) Sey gaseta es meno interes-ney kem toy-la. - This newspaper is less interesting than that one. (+komo) Lu lopi meno kway kem yu. - He runs less quick than you. (+kwo) Nu nadi ke in futur ye meno gwer in munda. - We hope that in future there will be fewer wars in the world.

miden (konekti) amid, in the middle (of), in the midst (of), among: miden shamba - in the middle of the room; miden amigas - among friends. Miden li ye diverse jen. - There are various people among them.

mil (kwanto) thousand (1000). milion (kwanto) million (1.000.000).

minim (gramatika) least: (+kwel) Sey gaseta es minim interes-ney. - This newspaper is least interesting. (+komo) Lu lopi minim kway. - He runs least quickly.

mog (sta)(+zwo) can, may: Me bu mog lekti: kitaba yok. - I cannot read: there is no book. Yu mog zwo to kom yu yao. - You may do it as you like. Bu mog — one can't, it is impossible: Bu mog jivi sin chi. - One can't live without eating.

mucho (inplas-kwanto) much, many, a lot: Me pri lekti. Me hev mucho kitaba. -1 like reading. I have a lot of books.

mus (sta)(+zwo) Oli jen mus chi dabe jivi. - All people must eat in order to live. Manya me mus go a ofis. - Tomorrow I must go to the office.

muy (modus-komo) very: ( kwo) Ela es muy jamile. - She is very beautiful. (+komo) Treba lopi muy kway! - One should run very quickly!

na (gramatika) (optionally marks an end of a semantic group; allows to place subordinate clauses before a noun) Та jivi na planeta. — The planet on which he lives. Me kwesti ta om ti ta jivi na planeta. — I asked him about the planet on which he lives.

nau (taim-komo) now: Nau me yao go somni. - Now I want to go to sleep. A1 nau me bu jan jawaba. - At the moment (presently) I don't know the answer. Nau lu silensi, nau shwo mucho. - Now he keeps silent, now he speaks much.

neva (taim-komo) never: Lu neva es dushte. - He is never malicious.

ney (gramatika)(modifier-making particle) (kwo+) Tina-ney vos - Tina's voice. (inplas-kwo+)Yu-oli-ney idea — the ideas of all of you. (zwo+) Olo es yo zwo-ney. - Everything is already done. (kwanto+)Un-ney - first, dwa-ney - second.

ni (gramatika)(ni...ni...) ni me ni yu - neither me nor you.

nich (konekti-komo) down(wards): go nich - to go down; nich kolina - down the hill; nich fluisa - downstream.

nichen (konekti-komo) down (at what place?), at the lower part of: Lai nich. Me es nichen. - Come down. I am down. Nichen bey - at the lower part of back; nichen kolina - at the bottom of the hill.

nidi (zwo)(+kwo) need: Lu nidi yur helpa. - He needs your help. (+zwo) Durtitaa sempre nidi ahfi swa. - Craftiness always needs to hide.

nin (kwanto) nine (9)

nixa (inplas-kwo) nothing: Me bu jan nixa. - I don't know anything. Me bu jan ga nixa. - I know completely nothing. Danke! - Es nixa.— Thank you! - That's nothing (don't mention it).

no (syao) (makes antonyms): kalme calm — nokalme uneasy; pinchan ordinary — nopinchan extraordinary.

nol (kwanto) zero (0) non (exklami) по: Ob yu pri sey kitaba? - Non.— Do you like this book? - No.

nu (inplas-kwo) we, us: Nu hev un kinda. - We have a child. Та lubi nu. - He/she likes us. Та rakonti olo a nu. - He/she tells everything to us.

nul (inplas-kwel) no (whatever), none (whatever): Nul kinda pri go somni. - No child likes to go sleep.

nulgrad (inplas-komo) not in the least: Yu bu he zwo to, nulgrad! - You have not done it, not in the least!

nulves (taim-komo) not once, never

nulwan (inplas-kwo) nobody: Non, nu bu jan. Nulwan jan. - No, we don't know. Nobody knows. Me bu koni nulwan hir. - I don't know anybody here.

nullok (inplas-komo) nowhere: Me zai shuki may kalam. Me bu mog findi it nullok. - I am looking for my pencil. I can't find it anywhere.

nuy (inplas-kwel) our: Nu lubi nuy kinda. - We love our child.

(unisi) or: Kwo yu pri pyu, rasmi о gani? - What do you like more, to draw or to sing? Ob yu yao kupi sey halka о toy-la? - Do you want to buy this ring or that one?

ob (gramatika) (+frasa) 1) (interrogative particle) Ob me mog ofni winda? - May I open the window? 2) whether: Me kwesti ob me mog ofni winda. -1 ask whether I may open the window.

obwol (unisi) though, although: Me shwo a yu obwol yu bu yao audi me. -1 speak to you, although you don't want to hear me.

oda (unisi) oda...oda... - either...or: Me bu mog dai a yu ambi kamel. Pren un. Oda sey-la, oda toy-la. -1 cannot give you both camels. Take one. Either this one or that one.

of (komo) off (about a mechanism or connection): Radio es of. - The radio is off. Plis mah-of radio. - Please put off the radio.

(inplas-kwel) all, the whole of: ol dey - all day long.

oli (inplas-kwo, kwel) all, everyone, everybody: Nu oli es hir. - We are all here. Oli kinda pri bonbon. - All children like candies.

olo (inplas-kwo) all, everything: Rakonti a me olo om to. - Tell me everything about it.

oltaim (inplas-komo) all the time, constantly, oltaim pyu hao — better and better; oltaim pyu — more and more; oltaim pyu mushkile — increasingly difficult.

om (konekti) about, concerning; on (refers to the subject of activity): (+kwo) Me dumi mucho om yu. - I think much about you. Me bu jan nixa om to. - I don't know anything about it. Lu mog rakonti a yu om olo. - He can tell you about everything. Lu shwo mucho om ke lu lubi ela. - He speaks much about his love to her. Me dumi om to ke me he audi. - I am thinking about what I have heard. Nu zai gun om sey problema. - We are working on this problem. (+zwo) Me dumi om go a dom. - I am thinking about going home.

on (konekti) on (on the surface): on tabla - on the table; 2) (komo) on (about a mechanism or connection): Me mah-on radio. - I switch on the radio.

oni (inplas-kwo) one, they (indefinite personal pronoun): oni shwo ke... - they say that... Lai pyu blisem! Hir oni bu mog audi nul worda. - Come closer! Here one can't hear a word.

ot (kwanto) eight (8)

otre (inplas-kwel) other, another: Dai a me otre kamisa, me bu pri sey-la. - Give me another shirt, I don't like this one.

otrelok (inplas-komo) in another place, somewhere else: Hir yur kalam yok. Shuki ba otrelok. - Your pencil is not here. Look for it somewhere else. Pon ba yur bao a otrelok. - Put your bag somewhere else.

otreves (inplas-komo) next time, another time: Me mangi nau. Nu diskusi ba se olo otreves. - I am busy now. Let us discuss it all another time.

pa (konekti) preposition of a wide meaning, often can be used instead of other prepositions, 1) indicates place, time (at, on, in): pa dom - at

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home; pa mur - on the wall; pa gata - in the street; sidi pa tabla - sit at the table; London lagi pa Terns - London lies on the Thames; ob mani es pa yu? - is the money with you? pa vesna - in spring; 2) introduces an adverbial phrase: shwo pa inglish - speak (in) English; pa un-ney kansa - at first sight; ta jivi pa shi kilometra fon mar - he lives 10 km from the sea; pa exponenta - exponentially; pa ol mogsa - with all one's might; pa char - four (together); pa fortuna - fortunately.

pai (zwo) get, receive; succeed, achieve, obtain: nulwan pai kapti ta - nobody managed to catch it; pai kreki nuta - to (succesfully) crack the nut; pai ofni ken - to open can (at last); nu pai zwo to - we did it.

per (konekti)(+kwo) per, for each (every): 6% per yar - 6% per year, dwa dolar per jen - 2 dollars per head, 100 gram per kilo 100 gram per kilo, 100 kilometra per ora - 100 km per hour.

pet (kwanto) five (5)

plis (exklami) please: Dai a me chiza plis. - Give me the spoon please.

pluri (inplas-kwanto) several: Me hev pluri kitaba. - I have several books. Me he visiti ela pluri ves. -1 visited her several times.

po (konekti) (refers to distribution in portions): olo es po tri dolar - everything costs 3 dollars each piece; po tri - in threes; po shao, shao- po-shao - little by little.

por (konekti) due to, because of: ( kwo) Danke por yur atenta! - Thank you for your attention! Nu bu go prom eni por bade meteo. - We are not going for a walk due to bad weather. (+zwo) Me lai por vidi luma in yur winda. - I came because of seeing light in your windows.

poy (taim-komo) then, later: Me bu mog go adar nau, me ve go poy. - I cannot go there now, I shall go later. Un-nem me go a skola, poy a dom. - First I go to school, then home.

pri (sta) to like: (+kwo) Me pri flor. -1 like flowers. Me pri sey flor. - I like this flower. (+zwo) May kinda pri rasmi. - My child likes to draw.

pro (konekti-syao) pro, in favour of: Nu es pro guverna. - We support government. Ob yu es pro may idea? - Do you support my idea? Pro- westa-ney stata - pro-Western state.

pur (konekti)(+kwo) 1) for, in exchange for: Tu kupi signifi pren koysa pur mani. - To buy means to take something for money. 2) for, in place of: May son sal bi muy forte: lu chi pur tri jen. - My son is going to be very strong: he eats for three men.

pyu (gramatika-komo) more: (+kwel) Sey gaseta es mucho pyu interes-ney kem toy-la. - This newspaper is much more interesting than that one. (+komoj Lu lopi pyu kway kem yu. - He runs quicker than you. Lu lekti pyu kem me. - He reads more than me. Me bu yao audi se pyu. -1 don't want to hear it any more.

relatem (konekti)(+kwo) in relation to, relative to: un relatem otre - one relative to the other. Lu es neutrale relatem sey kwesta. - He is neutral in relation to this question.

sal (gramatika)(+ zwo) "to be about/going to" (immediate future): Me bu mog go aus nau. Me sal chi deyfan. - I cannot go out now. I am about to have dinner.

sam (gramatika) 1) sam...kom - as... as: (+kwel) Sey gaseta es sam interes-ney kom toy-la. - This newspaper is as interesting as that one. (+komo) Lu lopi sam kway kom yu. - He runs as quickly as you. 2) sam kom - same as: Sam kom yu, me pri aiskrem. - Same as you, I like ice-cream.

sama (inplas-kwo) the same: Hao nocha! - Sama a yu! — Good night! - The same to you! Es sama - it's all the same.

same (inplas-kwel) the same, that very: pa same taim — at the same time. Es same jen ke nu vidi-te yeri. - It's the same person that we have seen yesterday. Nu shwo same lingwa. — We speak the same language.

samem (inplas-komo) in the same way: Li oli akti samem. - They all act in the same way.

se (inplas-kwo) this, these: Se es may brata. - This is my brother. Kwo es se? - What is this?

sedey (taim-komo) today: Sedey me es in dom. Me bu yao go a enilok. -1 am at home today. I don't want to go anywhere.

segun (konekti)(+kwoj according to, in accordance with: segun luy worda - according to his words, pikter segun vokasion - painter by vocation; segun to ke me vidi - according to what I see/ judging from what I see. Segun ke - as, in proportion as: segun ke presa fa-syao, volum fa-gran — as pressure diminishes, the volume grows.

selfa (komo) 1) oneself, one's own self: E walaa Jon selfa. - And here is John in person. Me selfa zwo-te se. — I did it myself. Ta lubi sol swa selfa. - He loves only himself. 2) itself, taken on its own: sistema selfa es hao - the system itself is good. Yur mata es karimtaa selfa. — Your mother is kindness itself. Pa selfa — on its own, by itself (himself etc.).

(syao) self- (unassisted, happening on its own; automatic): selfa-lumi- she — self-luminous.

sem (kwantoj seven (7)

sempre (taim-komo) always: Lu es alegre sempre. - He is always merry.

sey (inplas-kwel) this, these: Sey gaseta es pyu interes-ney kem toy-la. - This newspaper is more interesting than that one.

shao (inplas-kwanto) little (in quantity), few: Lu hev shao amiga. - He has few friends.

she (gramatika)(zwo+) (active participle marker) lubi-she man - a loving man.

she (konekti) 1) at, in (refers to smb's abode, country): me es she me - I am at mine; me jivi bu dalem fon she yu - I live not far from you; me zai lai fon she ela - I am coming from hers; sta ba kom she yu! - feel yourself at home! She ruski jenta - among Russians (in Russia). She dushman - among enemies, in enemy's country. 2) in the work / writings of (refers to author): she Homer - in Homer (Homer's writing). 3) in, with (refers to person or animal): es abyas she lu - it is a habit with him; instinkta she animal - instinct in animals.

shi (kwantoj ten (10) shma (syao) "disparagement": ( kwo) shma-kaval - nag; shma-dom - shack; (+zwo) shma-skribi - scribble, scrawl.

si (gramatika) if: Si pluvi dan me resti in dom. - If it rains then I rest at home.

sin (konekti) without: Me pri pi grin chay sin sukra. - I like to drink green tea without sugar; (syao) "-less": sinsensu-ney - senseless.

sirke (komo) approximately, about, around: dar he ye sirke dwashi jen

there were about 20 people; sirke mil dolar - around 1000 dollars.

sirkum (konekti-komo) around: sirkum dom - around the house, kan sirkum - to look around.

sit (kwantoj six (6)

sobre (konekti)(+ kwo) above, over: Me wud yao flai sobre urba. - I would like to fly over the town.

sol (komo) only: Hir me koni sol yu. - Here I know only you. Me yao sol kwesti. -1 want only to ask.

sta (sta) be doing, feel, stand (about the matters): Komo yu sta? - How are you? Komo may kitaba sta? - How is my book doing there? Lu bu sta tro hao. - He feels not too good.

sto (kwanto) one hundred (100)

sub (konekti)(+kwoj under: sub tabla - under the table; sub nuy kontrola - under our control.

suy (inplas-kwel) his, her, its: Kada jen lubi suy kinda. - Everyone loves his/her child.

swa (gramatika) (common reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers): Ela woshi swa. - She washes herself. Lu lubi sol swa selfa.

He loves only himself. Nu shwo a swa. - We say to ourselves.

ta (inplas-kwo) he, she, it, him, her (common for animate): Es may doga. Та nami Lisa. Me pri ta. May sista-ki lansi bol a ta. - This is my dog. Its name is Lisa. I like it. My little sister throws a ball to it.

tak (komo) so, in this way: Me opini tak. - I think so. Так, bu kontra- nem. - So, not otherwise.

tal (inplas-kwel) such: Me bu pri tal joka. - I don't like such jokes. In tal situasion - in such a situation.

tanto (inplas-kwanto) so much, so many, thus much: Me es tanto fatigi-ney! Bu gai gun tanto. - I am so tired! I shouldn't work so much. Tanto kwanto treba - as much as needed; tanto ke me j an - as far as I know; tanto... kom — as (much)...as: tanto kway kom posible

as quickly as possible; bu tanto.. .kom - not so much.. .as.

te (gramatika)(zwo+)(past tense marker) Me bu jan-te om to. - I didn't know about that.

tem (gramatika) (in comparisonsj: kem pyu.. .tem pyu - the more...the more: Kem pyu lao, tem pyu stupide. - The older, the sillier. Kem pyu, tem pyu hao. - The more, the better. Ela bu go ku? Tem pyu hao. - She is not going? So much the better. Es tem pyu surprisive ke ta hev mani. - It's all the more surprising that he/she has money.

ti (gramatika) (optional marker of a noun group; optional first element of the construction ti...na) In skay gao ti blan badal floti. — In the high sky white clouds float. Me kwesti lu om ti lu jivi na planeta. — I asked him about the planet on which he lives. Me bu yao diskusi ti yu shwo na kwesta. — I don't want to discuss the question that you mention.

til (konekti) till, until: Til aksham! - Till the evening! Me bu he jan to til паи. - I didn't know it until now. Fon кара til peda. - From head to foot.

to (inplas-kwo) that, those: To es avion, bu faula. - That is an airplane, not a bird. Me bu jan nixa om to. I know nothing about that. To es - that is. (gramatika) optional apposition marker: kota to kapter

cat the catcher.

toshi (komo) too, as well, likewise, similarly, like or in the same way as somebody or something else: Me toshi wud yao safari. - Me too would like to go to a trip. Lu toshi es hir. - He is here as well. Me bu ve go a kino. - Me toshi. — I won't go to the cinema. - Neither will I. (Compare "yoshi")

tote (kwel) whole: tote dey - the whole day.

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toy (inplas-kwel) that: Toy kitaba bu es interes-ney. - That book is not interesting.

tra (konekti-syao) through; over, across, to (on) the other side of: Me vidi-te yu tra winda. - I saw you through the window. Go tra gata! - Cross the street! Nu gun om sey proyekta tra mucho yar. - We work on this project through many years. Lu jivi tra osean. - He lives over the ocean. Lekti - tralekti — to read - to read through (from begining to end); tranochi - to spend the night.

trai (zwo) try, attempt: Oli jivika on Arda trai kapti garme suryaray. - All creatures on Earth try to catch the hot sun's rays. Plis trai lerni hao.

Please try to learn well. Bu trai juli me! - Don't attempt to swindle me!

treba (sta)(+zwo) it is necessary, it requires: Treba zwo se olo til aksham. - It is necessary to do it all till the evening. Treba kaulu to. - One should consider this. Sey kwesta treba kaulusa. - This question requires consideration. (+kwo) Treba pyu jen. - More people are needed/required, ("treba" has a wider meaning than "gai" and "nidi")

tri (kwanto) three (3)

tro (komo) too, too much: Sey taska es tro mushkile fo me. - This task is too difficult for me. Sey lampa bu es tro yarke. - This lamp is not too bright. Yu gun ya tro. - You do work too much.

tu (gramatika)(+ zwo)(the infinitive particle, substantiation) Tu fobisi es muy fasile. - To scare, it's very easy. Tu samaji es tu pardoni

To understand is to forgive.

tuhun (komo) together: Li sempre go tuhun. - They always go together. May oma bu jivi kun nu tuhun. - My grandmother doesn't live with us.

turan (taim-komo) suddenly: Turan me he samaji olo. - Suddenly I understood everything.

tuy (taim-komo) immediately, at once, right away: Lu he samaji se tuy. - He got it right away. Tuy ke - as soon as.

un (kwanto) one (1) unves (inplas-komo) once: Unves me vidi ta pa gata. - Once I saw him/her in the street.

uupar (konekti-komo) up(wards): Kan uupar! Look up! Nu go uupar kolina. - We go up the hill. Li go uupar sulam. - They go upstairs.

uuparen (konekti-komo) at the upper part of, up: Lai uupar! Me es uuparen. - Come up here! I am above. Uuparen monta - at the top of the mountain. Fon uuparen - from above.

ve (gramatika)(+ zwo)(future tense marker) Me bu lekti-te yeri, me ve lekti manya. -1 didn't read yesterday, I shall read tomorrow.

ver (kwel) true, factually correct (a short form from "vere") ; indeed, true: Ela es jamile, bu ver? - Ver. — She is beautiful, isn't she? - Yes, she is. Ver ya. - Yes, exactly. Es ver ke ela es jamile. - It's true that she is beautiful.

versu (konekti)(+kwo) towards: Es gro-taim fo turni versu dom. - It is high time to turn towards home. Wo es dom? Versu westa. - Where is home? It's to the west. Elay senta versu lu bu he shanji. - Her feelings towards him have not changed.

via (konekti)(+kwo) via: via radio - via radio; a London via Paris - to London via Paris. May gin-visin sempre shwo mucho. Me en-jan oli habar via ela. - My female neighbour always speaks a lot. I learn all the news through her.

walaa (exklami) here is: Walaa nu! - Here we are!

wan (inplas-kwo) an individual, one: pyan wan — (someone who is) drunk. Wan kel jan, ta bu shwo. - He who knows, he doesn't speak (the one who knows, doesn't speak). Koywan — someone; nulwan — nobody; eniwan — anybody, anyone; kadawan — everyone.

wek (loko-komo) away: Go wek! Me bu kredi a yu. - Go away! I don't believe you. May tren es yo wek. - My train is away already.

wen (kwesti) when: Wen yu lai? - When are you coming?

wo (kwesti) where: Wo yu es? Me bu vidi yu. - Where are you? I don't see you. A wo yu go? - Where are you going? Fon wo yu go? - Where are you going from?

wud (gramatika)(+ zwo) would (conditional marker): Me wud yao bi rega. - I would like to be a king. Me wud regi zuy gran regilanda in munda. -1 would govern the biggest kingdom in the world.

ya 1) (exklami) yes: Ob yu hev koysa pyu? - Ya. — Do you have something else? - Yes. 2) (gramatika)(zwo+) "you see", "really" (emphaticparticle): Ela es ya muy jamile. - She is so beautiful. Me es ya rega! -1 am the king, after all! Lu es ya experto — He is an expert, you see. Yu jan ya ke me bu pri fish - But you know that I don't like fish. Ya munda es gro-jamile! - What a beautiful world! Es ya gro- gao baum! - This tree is so big!

yao (sta) want: Kwo yu yao? - What do you want? Me yao aiskrem. - I want ice-cream. Me wud yao safari kun yu. - I would like to go to the trip with you.

ye (gramatika) there is/are, available: Hir ye mucho flor. - There is a lot of flowers here. Mani ye-bu-ye? - Is there any money available? Bu ye toy у ash. - No longer of that age.

yen (gramatika)(zwo+)(verbal adverb marker) Lu sidi kan-yen ela e audi-yen to ke ela shwo. - He is sitting looking at her and listening to what she says.

yeri (taim-komo) yesterday: Me bu lekti-te yeri, me ve lekti manya. - I didn't read yesterday, I shall read tomorrow.

yo (taim-komo) already: Me es yo pa dom. - I am already at home. To bin klare yo yeri. - It's been clear already yesterday.

yok (gramatika)(kwo+) there is no, not available: Oni bu mog buli makaron: kukipot yok, agni yok; pa fakta, makaron toshi yok. - One can't boil macaroni: there is no saucepan, no fire; in fact, there is no macaroni either. Problema yok! - No problem!

yoshi (komo) in addition, also, moreover: Yoshi me wud yao go a safara. - Also, I would like to go to a trip. Yu mog lekti e yoshi kan piktura. - You can read and also look at the pictures. Yoshi pyu - still more. Yoshi pyu gao - still higher. (Compare "toshi")

yu (inplas-kwo) you (sg., pi.): Yu hev muy hao oma. - You have a very good grandma. Ela lubi yu. - She loves you. Ela rakonti fabula a yu. - She tells you fairy tales. Yu shwo hao. - You speak well. Me kredi a yu. - I believe you. Me inviti yu oli. - I invite all of you. Yu ambi es hao j en. - You both are good people.

yur (inplas-kwel) your (sg., pi.): Es yur kalam, bu may. - This is your pencil, not mine. Es yur kitabas, bu nuy. - It's your books, not ours.

yus (gramatika-komo) 1) just: yus kontra-nem - just the other way round; yus pa sey plasa - at this very place. 2) (+zwo) (immediate past marker): Lu yus he lopi wek. - He has just run away.

zai (gramatika) ( rvt'oXprogressive tense marker): Bu distrati me: me zai gun. - Don't distract me: I am working.

zuy (gramatika-komo) most; most of all: (+kwel) Ela es zuy jamile. - She is the most beautiful. (+komoj Ela gani zuy hao. - She sings best. Me pri ela zuy. -1 like her most of all.

zwo (zwo) do, make: Treba zwo to. - It is necessary to do this. Me zai zwo to. - I am doing it. Me he yo zwo to. - I have already done it. Me bu ve zwo to. - I won't do this. Zwo ba! - Do! Olo es yo zwo-ney. - Everything is already done. Sey gunsa gei zwo. - This work is being done.